"Basques show R-M269 with frequencies in excess of 80% in almost all studies. The tooth enamel analysis done on the Amesbury Archer (Bell Beaker) burial in Southern England suggests that he grew up in the Alps. The Irish have about ~10% of West_Asian componenthttps://docs.google.com/spreadsheet/ccc?key=0ArAJcY18g2GadHZ6SHpiLTNTa3lsUmZJY2pQblVRR2c#gid=0This is about the same as other British Isles populations.Well, Dienekes, I'm talking about the Basques.I doesn't look to me like there is any correlation between R1b frequency and level of West Asian component in your linked spreadsheet. That is not what I would call majority Amerindian autosomal ancestry. Anthropologists have always understood this and "random drift" is a subversive PC concept that has no place in the interpretation of prehistory. I now wonder if R1b also followed this path?! http://cof.quantumfuturegroup.org/events/5425. After a break of one or two centuries, Bell Beaker pottery was introduced in a second building phase that lasted to the Early Bronze Age, about 1800 BC. Okay let's recap. There has been some evidence of all-corded pottery in Mallorca, generally considered the most ancient Bell Beaker pottery, possibly indicating an even earlier Beaker settlement about 2700 BC. in Lithuania and Finland around around 6%-10% West Asian, and about 5+/- guys combined in the region with R1b.That rates as legendary in terms of success in spreading West-Asian component, in the Baltic region.But a big fat goose egg of West Asian [0%] in the most Western portion, of Europe.Landing in the Refugium by boat, and then spreading into Central Europe; but the original starting point has no West Asian. There is no present day association.The present day distribution of this haplogroup has no association and the centre of Bell Beaker expansion doesn't seem to have a clear West Asian archaeological link, as far as I am aware.The only other candidate is J2, which occurs at trace elements in the British Isles and Scandinavia.Respectfully, the case for J2 association doesn't really seem less strong to me. For example, Swedes are 20% R1b and 6.9% "Southern", whereas their Finnish neighbors have very little R1b, and no "Southern". Beakers arrived in Ireland around 2500 BC and fell out of use around 1700 BC (Needham 1996). Basques are not "the original starting point" of the Bell Beaker phenomenon. The copper age was well ensconced. :) Voting for a model does not mean you necessarily agree with every detail its proponents have advanced. Please view our No need for boats. But wouldn't the trb outbreed the local hunter gathers to much to create modern Swedes?princenuadha, I am pretty sure the TRB women analyzed was a recent Megalithism immigrant and not at all representative of TRB, which at that time (and even 500 years before then) probably looked like LBK highly admixed with the local (northern German/ southern Scandinavian) population. "Say foragers had a population density of 1 and early farmers in suitable terrain and climate had a population density of 5 but too far north their crops were less productive so they developed a forager-cattle-crops hybrid with a population density of only 2 initially then maybe 3 later as they improved their cattle and crops.In the SE the neo and meso might create a hybrid population in the ratio 5:1 neo to meso whereas along the atlantic coast the proportions might have been 2:1 or less. (2011), Cruciani et al. The random belongs in the realms of pure mathematics not concrete human science. The preferred method of burial seems to have been singular graves and cists in the east, or in small wedge tombs in the west. Perhaps Corded Ware retaliated in kind, capturing Beaker women. Beaker-type vessels remained in use longest in the British Isles; late beakers in other areas are classified as early Bronze Age (Barbed Wire Beakers in the Netherlands, Giant Beakers (Riesenbecher)). the British combination of “round barrows with crouched, unburnt burials” make it difficult to establishes the exact nature of the Beaker People’s colonization of Ireland. Legal Notice "Usually not based only on control region results, e.g., U5a1 has an age estimate of 17000 years. No R1b except in some Neolithic farmers using bell beakers, no mt U5 of Mesolithic origin contributing to the Bell Beaker folks. Thus in parts of Central and Eastern Europe, as far east as Poland, there is a sequence from Corded Ware to Bell Beaker, but this is not the case in Iberia, France or the British Isles, where Corded Ware is unknown. The Germans and the Italians differ in the remaining haplogroups: Germans are much more R1a, I1&I2 than Italians, and Italians are much more J2 and E1b1b than Germans. The west origin argument is not helped by this statement in the Wiki article about Vucedol culture: Marija Gimbutas characterized the Bell Beaker culture complex as an amalgam of Vucedol and Yamna culture traditions formed after the incursion of the Yamna people into the milieu of the Vučedol culture, which evolved in the course of the three or four centuries after 3000/2900 BC. However, neither of these items were deposited in graves and they tend to be found isolated and at random, making it difficult to draw conclusions about their use or role in society at the time. Collective burials in dolmen structures in Ibiza could be contrasted against the individual burials in Mallorca. The modern view is that the Bell Beaker people, far from being the “warlike invaders” as once described by Gordon Childe (1940), added rather than replaced local late Neolithic traditions into a cultural package and as such did not always and evenly abandon all local traditions. In eastern Denmark and Scania one-person graves occur primarily in flat grave cemeteries. A corded-zoned Maritime variety (C/ZM), proposed to be a hybrid between AOC and Maritime Herringbone, was mainly found in burial contexts and expanded westward, especially along the mountain systems of the Meseta. Or at least from the East along the African littoral? Rather, by examining what is common between Oetzi and Caucasus populations, we understand that it is:(1) Not the Atlantic_Med (which Caucasus populations lack)(2) Not the West_Asian (which Oetzi lacks)(3) Not the North_European (which Oetzi lacks)By a simple intersection, we see that the common element between Oetzi and the Caucasus is the K=7 "Southern" component. I have done Full Genome Sequencing of my mtDNA T1a1Pconroy,Well, then you should definitely take a look at Maria Pala's paper (and supplement). Ancestry, admixture and selection in Bolivian and ... African genetics international conference (video). Oetzi again was 22.3% Caucasus, you seem to ignore that, when it is convenient. Use of beakers and cups for drinking. The fact is West Asians and European groups have M269. Most British beakers come from funerary contexts. eurologist"When agriculture reached the very north of Germany, the HG autosomal component likely was already dominant in the farmers"Yes if they'd come by land. In their large-scale study on radiocarbon dating of the Bell Beakers, J. Müller and S. Willingen established that the Bell Beaker Culture in Central Europe started after 2500 BC. Pconroy,You should read Maria Pala's paper Dienekes just posted - you need to know your mtDNA at much, much higher resolution to draw any conclusions. The presence of perforated Beaker pottery, traditionally considered to be used for making cheese, at Son Ferrandell-Oleza (Waldren 1998: 95) and at Coval Simó (Coll 2000), confirms the introduction of production and conservation of dairy.